Wednesday, March 25, 2020
Access and equity essays
Access and equity essays The purpose of the Australian legal system is to provide access and equity for all people in Australia. There is however compelling evidence that shows this to be incorrect. Therefore the statement the law provide access and equity to all people in Australia is untrue. This Statement means that all Australians have the ability to willing exercise their rights of participation within the legal system. While at the same time there is equal fairness to all people who are using those rights within that system. To use a sports carnival as an analogy, access would mean that all people regardless of age, sex or race would be able to compete in an event. While equity would be that all competitors would be racing over the same distance, therefore the every competitor is give equal opportunity to succeed. There are many obstacles that stand in the way of obtaining full access and equity. There are social and cultural factors such as relative difference in wealth, education, social back ground and gender, these factors combined with practical factors like geographic location stop access and equity fully being achieved. The Australia legal system incorporates aspects such as Law enforcement, legal representation, the court system, sentencing and the costs involved. Within all the groups the concept access and equity is not being fulfilled. The enforcement of the law in Australia is controlled by the police. Some of the main reasons why access and equity are not part of police culture is because of the attitude of policemen towards certain groups within society. These attitudes affect the access and equity for these groups. Social factors such as education, and cultural factors such as race also affect the access and equity of law enforcement. An example of this is the relationship between the Western Australian police and the whole aboriginal community; this relationship has been a controversial one for many years now. In 2000, a ...
Friday, March 6, 2020
Avian Influenza and Humans H5N1 Essay Example
Avian Influenza and Humans H5N1 Essay Example Avian Influenza and Humans H5N1 Paper Avian Influenza and Humans H5N1 Paper Abstract            There are three types of influenza virus: A, B, and C. Type A strains are broken down further into low pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI). Some HPAI viruses, such as H5N1, resulted in mild human infections and in some cases, have been fatal. An â€Å"H5N1†virus has an HA 5 protein and a NA 1 protein. There are sixteen known HA subtypes and nine known NA subtypes. There are many combinations of HA and NA proteins that are possible. Only influenza A viruses and all its known subtypes infect birds. Influenza A H5 affects both human and birds. There are nine, potential subtypes of H5 known. â€Å"H5 infections, such as HPAI H5N1 viruses currently circulating in Asia and Europe, have been documented among humans and sometimes cause severe illness or death†(CDC, 2).            In 2006, a new strain of H5N1 bird flu appeared in China. It affected three times as many Chinese poultry than it did the previous year. Researchers say that it is a new â€Å"Fujian-like†strain of virus that came from a duck in Fujian, China in 2005 (MacKenzie, 1). The rate of poultry infections jumped from 3 percent in 2005 to 95 percent by 2006. Vaccine-induced antibodies did not recognize this new Fujian virus.            In 2008, a new strain of H5N1 was detected in Nigeria for the first time. It was found to be different from the strains that were circulating in 2006 and 2007 (Stackyard, 1). The new strain was similar to the strains identified in Italy, Afghanistan, and Iran in 2007. â€Å"Influenza viruses constantly mutate, however, and vaccines are most effective against the highly specific strains that they are made from†(Bardi, 1).            A team of scientist at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH), report that it is possible to prepare vaccines and therapeutics to target a future mutant strain of H5N1. â€Å"This advance was made possible by creating mutations in the regions of the H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein that directs the virus to bird or human cells and eliciting antibodies to it†(Bardi, 1).            New strains appear and replace older strains. When a new strain of virus emerges, antibody protection that may have developed after infection or vaccination with an older strain may not provide protection against the new strain. For this reason, the influenza vaccine must be updated yearly. References Bardi, Jason Socrates. NIH Scientists Target Future Pandemic Strains of H5N1 Avian Influenza. Retrieved March 12, 2009 from nih.gov/news/pr/aug2007/niaid-09.htm. Centers for Disease Control. Influenza Viruses. Retrieved March 12, 2009 from cdc.gov. MacKenzie, Debora. New Strain of H5N1 Bird Flu Emerges in China. Retrieved March 12, 2009 from newscientist.com. Stackyard, Via. Nigeria: A New Strain of H5N1. Retrieved March 12, 2009 from http://crofblogs.typepad.com.
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