Kite Runner Racism

Racism plays important roles in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. The author uses racism to describe the characters and the culture represented in the stories. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses prejudice as a tool to tell this story of betrayal and redemption. He pursues his story with prejudice and racism in Afghanistan as well as in the United States. While the author uses individual characters to tell the story, he portrays the general attitudes and history associated with the characters' Hazara and Pashtun ethnic origins and the conflicts that arise in Afghanistan.Throughout history and even while the story was taking place in the 70's the US of A was going through their tough times with racism and prejudice thoughts and acts towards other ethnical groups such as the blacks, Asians and Latino's. Although during this present era these racist acts and thoughts have been cut down and have been limited to just some states in the south as where in Afghanistan these prej udice acts still exist. Ali and Hassan represent the marginalized group in this story. They are considered by the ruling class to be of lesser value due to their ethnic origin, religious beliefs, appearance and social standing.The author gives us a glance of this when Amir reads about the harassment of, and attempted uprising of the Hazara, and how Amir’s people, the Pashtuns had: â€Å"†¦quelled them with unspeakable violence†. The disregard that people have for the Hazara is reinforced when Amir asks his teacher about what he has read and he responds by saying, â€Å"That’s one thing Shi’a people do well, passing themselves as martyrs†. Assef shows how internalized this hostility is when he says to Amir and Hassan, â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of the Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here†.

Critical Analysis of the US Electoral College Essay

Electoral College is a term that refers to a selected group of representatives who perform the task of electing candidates for particular powerful offices such as presidents or church leaders. The selection process of electing candidates usually involves participants from different and competing political or religious entities. In the recent past, the Electoral College has been conspicuously practiced in electing the President of the United Stats and the Pope of the Catholic Church. It is the US Electoral College that has particularly drawn much concern as to its effectiveness and reliability in electing the president of the federal republic. This essay identifies some of the problems associated with the Electoral College and analyses the implications of the suggested modifications and alternatives. Analysis of the US Electoral College In the United States, the Electoral College system is used to elect the President from competing candidates from either the Republican Party, the Democratic Party of independent candidates. See more: how to write an analysis Rather than elect a president and a vice-president directly through national elections, the US conducts separate elections in all its 51 states during which the winner in each state is allocated the number of electoral votes proportional to the total representation of the state in Congress which has a total of 538 electoral voters. The winner of the presidential contests is expected to win a total of 270 votes of the Electoral College. Although the design of the Electoral College was clever and well intentioned, the system is susceptible to inherent flaws, some of which were resolved by constitutional amendments while others remain unresolved to date (Miller, 2008). Indeed, as Miller (2008) noted, the selection system established by the Electoral College has at its core the objective to foster fairness in the election of candidates in non-partisan environment, the motive was rendered irrelevant with the formation of competing political parties to compete in the selection process for the presidency. There is no doubt that the Electoral College system presents many challenges and problems to the fairness of the Presidential election in the US which include the problem of election reversal, problems with the voting power, partisan biasness, excessive focus on battleground states and the likelihood of pledge violations. One obvious problem that emerges from the Electoral College system is that the results of adding up the total electoral votes in the states may end up being different from adding up the total popular votes in all those states. Miller (2008) identifies the situation of the 2000 elections where the eventual winner, George W. had more electoral votes but less popular vote than the loser, Albert Gore. Moreover, in the event that there emerges a serious third party contestant, then it would be impossible for any candidate to garner the mandatory 270 electoral votes. According to the US constitution, the emergence of such an eventuality would require that the election process be taken to the Congress where voting should be conducted repeatedly until a victor emerges. Whereas there are concerns if the Electoral College represents adequate allocation of voting powers to all the states, there are also concerns as two whether the bipartisanship of the two-party system in the US is likely to represent non-partisan election of the president. Moreover, the focus of the Electoral College on the battleground states attracts disproportionate attention from parties and their candidates, effectively raising questions on the voting powers of the other states. Conclusion Some of the suggested proposals suggested include: (1) amending the constitution to empower the American with the constitutional rights to directly elect the president through a popular vote; (2) apportionment of the electoral votes fractionally according to the population of states so as to eliminate the problem of election reversal; and (3) equal apportionment of the electoral votes to all states to eliminate the problem of state voting powers. The proposal to amend the constitution so as to give American the constitutional rights to directly elect the president stands out as the most superior suggestion because it will eliminate all the problems and challenges associated with the Electoral College. References Miller, N. R. (2008). The US electoral college: Origins, transformation, problems and prospects. UMBC, retrieved on 22 May 2009 from: .

Water and Vinegar Egg

ROLL 9 ISLOM JALOLOV 12/21/2011 LAB REPORT ROLL 9 ISLOM JALOLOV EGG LAB REPORT PURPOSE: WHICH IS MORE PERMEABLE SALT WATER, VINEGAR, OR CORN SYRUP APPARATUS: STRING, RULER, E-BALANCE, 250 ML BEAKERS, PEN MATERIALS: EGG, WATER, SALTY WATER, CORN SYRUP, VINEGAR INTRODUCTION: I AM DOING A LAB REPORT ABOUT EGGS, I’M USING SALTY WATER, VINEGAR, CORN SYRUP, AND I AM GOING TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT WHICH IS MORE PERMEABLE THAN ALL. REALISTIC STATEMENT: YES MY RESULTS ARE REALISTIC PROCEDURE: STEP #1: COLLECT ALL THE SUPPLIES I NEED STEP #2: HAVE A NOTEBOOK TO COPY THE DOWN THE RESULTS STEP #3: FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS, THAT SHOWS HOW TO DO THE TESTING ON EGGS STEP #4: OBSERVE WHAT I HAVE CONCLUSION: THEREFORE ALLMOST ALL OF THEM ARE PERMEABLE DATA TABLE 1From: vinegarTo: corn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  syrup  | -Height increased from vinegar in 2 daysFrom: 16 cmNormal eggTo: 19cmAfter vinegar-But the egg deflated and diameter was UndeniableAfter corn syrup  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | -Width increased from vinegar in 2 daysFrom: 14. 5cmTo: 17cm-Egg deflated in the corn syrup and diameter was Undeniable| 100. 2gEgg smelled like vinegar till the end of the experiment118. 6gCorn syrup did not change color| Before the project-58. g  Egg was still white, although, it’s crust was very smoothAfter vinegar egg was smooth and had liquid’s smellAfter vinegar-87. 7gEgg deflated after corn syrupCorn syrup71. 9g| 2From:VinegarTo: water| -Height increased from the vinegar that egg was in for 2 daysFrom: 16 cm Normal eggTo: 18cm After vinegar-After water egg’s height increased21cm  After water| Mass of the vinegar:149. 8gEgg was on topPlus the egg swelled the liquidMass of the water;98. 2gEgg was in its biggest state| Mass of the vinegar:149. 8gEgg was on topPlus the egg swelled the liquidMass of the water;98. gEgg was in its biggest state| Mass of the eggMass after vinegarMass after waterEgg was seen throughIn white orange dots all over the egg| 3From: vinegarTo: salt-water| -Height increased from the vinegar that egg was in for 2 days  From: 16. 5 cmNormal egg heightTo: 20 cmAfter vinegar-And when the egg was in water for 1 day it  decreased in height by 2 cm  18cm after water| -Width increased by 3. 5 cmFrom: 14. 5cmNormal eggTo: 18cm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After vinegar-And when the egg was in water for 1 day it  decreased in height by 2 cm(16cm) after salt water| Mass of the vinegar;108. gEgg soak the liquidMass of the salt water:130. 5gEgg soak the liquid| Mass of the egg:  51. 9gMass after vinegar:61. 4gEgg soak the liquid  Mas s after salt-water:81. 9gSmelled like vinegar White colorGummy and very soft Very big in size| GROUP #1 GROUP #2 GROUP #3 DIAGRAM STRING RULER E-BALANCE 250 BEAKER PEN 1. WHAT HAPPENS TO AN EGG IF YOU LET IT SOAK IN WATER FOR A VERY LONG TIME? WHY? The egg usually becomes lose and heavy, also its size gets larger, these things happen because it was in the water 2. WHY DID WE SOAK THE EGG IN VINEGAR? To see if the egg was permeable to the vinegar 3. WHY DID THE EGG IN THE CORN SYRUP SHRINK? Lots of the go out of the egg and get mixed with Corn Syrup so it gets smaller and its weight changes 4. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE EGG IN THE WATER? WHY? The egg got smaller and it looked little bigger than the first time. It changes because I think the Corn Syrup has elements that shrank the egg but water doesn’t. 5. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE EGG IN THE SALT WATER? WHY? It got the egg to becomes really small I think because salt has lots of elements so it happen because of the Salt

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS Essay

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INCLUDING THE CHANGES TO THE EU REGULATORY PROCESS FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example Evidently, the financial crisis began in the second quarter of 2006 in United States. To this end, there were significant losses registered banks in United States as a result of sub primal foreclosures of mortgages (Chrisdoulaki, 2010). Consequently, since the mega banks in European Union and United States were operating under business models which were similar, the financial distress facing the United States were replicated in the European Union. To this end, the mega banks located on both the European Union and United States suffered from under-capitalization and insufficient liquidity reserves. Evidently, the financial regulations of the European Union are carried out at the continental level as well as within the individual countries. The European regulatory response to the crisis was significantly slower to that of the United States. The onset of the decline in profits within the United States was immediately reflected by a similar decline in profits by E.U banks (Clark, Feldman , & Gertler, 2000). The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bail out of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & Sauve?, 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending power without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that were collaterized (Ferran, 2012). In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures (Smith, 2005). To this end, the challenge of identifying and enforcing effective measures in response to the financial crisis in the European Union has been slowed down since the financial regulations are normally carried out at the member country and European level ( Helleiner, Pagliari, & Zimmermann, 2010). In light of the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the subsequent sections will address the financial regulator y responses carried out by the European Union as well as changes to the EU regulatory process for financial services. Financial Regulatory Reform Plan by the European Union Following the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the European Parliament Committee for Economic and Monetary Affairs met on 21st July 2010. In this regard, they approved a version of The Dodd-Frank Act adopted by the United States. The new version would seek to improve the regulatory bodies for securities, pensions, insurance, and banking sectors. The Act would also have the authority to overrule national governments on pertinent issues. In addition, the plans by the

IT Outsourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Outsourcing - Assignment Example The article reveals the plan by the above top American banks to outsource IT services worth $ 5 billion to Indian companies of; Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, HCL, Cognizant and Infosys. The plan to outsource it reveals, is as a result of the strict government compliance requirements brought about by recent legislations that include among others, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act. The new laws require banking institutions to comply within 18-24 months pressurizing major banks to outsource activities not core to their businesses. The article further provides information on how significant the revenue from the American banks will be to the Indian companies citing TCS and Cognizant, both Indian compnies, as the initial beneficiary of the outsourcing exercise with revenues from their banking customers constituting 40%. Infosys is revealed to be earning 36.2% of its revenue from the writing of applications from banks like the Bank of America (Mishra & Sabharwal, 2011). The American are outsourcing back office related services and writing of applications. This is so because the mentioned services are of significance but not core to the operations of these banks. They can therefore easily offload them to external firms without interfering with their routine operational activities. Other services usually outsourced are back-up data storage, IT infrastructural development projects and website maintenance activities. The companies in the article are outsourcing to comply with government regulations and at the same time minimise operational costs. Most institutions however, the banks in the article included, are choosing to focus on their core businesses and leave subsidiary services to the experts through outsourcing. By so doing, profits for these instructions are rising and their service delivery standards improving since all their efforts are put to doing what their core businesses entail (Solli-Saether & Gottschalk, 2010). The institutions featured

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Obesity - Essay Example n Food Standards Agency and DOH, 2004) Roughly 65% and 50% men and women are overweight and have the tendency to be obese in case their weight gain remains uncontrolled. Considering that obesity could cause a person to deal with social adjustment disorders or social discrimination (Pearce et al., 2002) aside from a long list of serious health concerns related to heart diseases, diabetes and the different types of cancer (WHO, 2003, 2005a), the need to determine the impact of promoting organic foods on the high levels of obesity arises. For the purpose of this study, the researcher will conduct an extensive literature review on the general facts about obesity, the major causes of obesity, the negative consequences of obesity in terms of one’s health, social being, and economic losses. Eventually, the researcher will determine the status of promoting organic foods in UK followed by the benefits of organic food production to our health, environment, and our society in terms of analyzing the economic and social impact of promoting organic foods in the case of the high incidence of obesity in UK. Eventually, the researcher will discuss the literature review in line with the business opportunity that is present in relation to organic food production. Obesity is defined as â€Å"an excess of body fat that frequently lead to a significant impairment over a person’s health and longevity.† (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004) Based on the federal guidelines (Berg, 2003; NHLBI, 1998), a normal weight is computed using the Body Mass Index (BMI) wherein the normal range for an adult should be between 18.5 to less than 25 (BMI 18.5 to 25 kg/m2). BMI measurement between the ranges of 25 to less than 30 (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2) is considered overweight and BMI measurement that exceeds 30 (BMI ≠¥ 30 kg/m2) is considered obese. In general, medical practitioners are using the formula â€Å"weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared multiplied by 703 or weight in

News Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

News Release - Essay Example Mr. Watts said, â€Å"we have trained masseurs and masseuses for each type of massage, from Thai, to Swedish, reflexology, and even stone massage. I’m so excited that we have all these services for our patrons.† For a holistic healing, Pearl Cove also offers ventusa therapy, paraffin wax treatment, aromatherapy and ayurveda. And when speaking about beauty, the fitness club has body wraps for weight loss, facials, manicure and pedicure, exfoliation, skin rejuvenation treatments, eyebrow trimming, and ear cleaning. The club has an in-house dermatologist and medical doctor who will oversee that the customers are fit to undergo certain treatments. The existing swimming pool of the hotel underwent renovation and its management will be transferred to the manager of the fitness club. At the health and fitness store, customers can buy aromatic oils that they can bring home, facial creams, health books, swimming gears and ear plugs, as well as snacks and drinks. The hotel guests are entitled to a 20 percent discount when they use the club facilities. As a promotional offer, upon opening of the facility to the public in April, the first 1000 customers to sign for an annual membership will be given a 50 percent discount. Hotel guest who sign for membership will be given a total of 70 percent discount provided they fall within the 1000 customer quota. Patrons may reserve a slot by contacting 06-562456, but they should pay the membership fee within three days. Pearl Cove conceptualized the fitness club two years ago to increase health awareness of people and promote healthy body and living. The services can be availed of by teenagers and even elder people provided they have no physical contradiction to the

Feminist Political Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feminist Political Thought - Essay Example God has created her, given her the status of more equal. None can amend that right. It is the woman, in her role and condition as mother, gives protection in the initial nine months in her womb, to the creative force of the nature for perennial continuity of the human race, male or female. But unfortunately, a female child is victimized at every step of life, from the moment of birth, notwithstanding the fact that it is she who sacrifices at those steps. The main disadvantage of the woman is her body. Simone de Beauvoir, an avowed life-long existentialist, presents a different and somewhat confusing picture of human freedom, in which women struggle against the inherent disadvantages of the body, changing contours of her body and bodily functions, and how society casts its impact on this issue. Beauvoir presents female body in both its positive and negative aspects. She considers women partly oppressed and partly free and this condition depends on the disposition of the concerned woma n to the challenges posed by the society, especially the male section of the society. Regarding the status of the body of the woman Beauvoir raises questions, provides answers and again raises questions and finally she finds it difficult to provide the final answer. Her opinions raise conflicting reactions not only for the men but also to women. What is important is her seriousness and earnestness to find an amicable solution to the vexed men-women issue? She sums up her quest and argues, â€Å"Within the given world, it is up to man to make the reign of freedom triumph, to carry off this supreme victory, men and women, must, among other things and beyond their natural differentiations, unequivocally, affirm their brotherhood.†(766) Beauvoir doesn’t visualise much of an issue for the woman on account of her biological conditions. The problem is about the attitude of the woman to such conditions, whether they are positive or negative. She argues, â€Å"But is also true that there are conditions without which the very fact of existence would seem to be impossible. Presence in the world vigorously implies the positing of a body that is both a thing of the world and a point of view on this world: but this body need not possess this or that particular structure.†(24) The observation of Beauvoir regarding the pre-adolescent boys and girls that they are not very different is notable. De Beauvoir points out that pre-adolescent boys and girls are really not very different: they â€Å"have the same interests and the same pleasures† (295). The initial psychological differences between them are relatively negligible. The interference and influence of the flesh brings forth new issues for the feminine gender. The changed conditions give rise to change in perceptions. With each brisk change, her experiences are traumatic and distance her more sharply from the opposite sex. Beauvoir argues about this condition of the female body, â€Å"The young girl feels that her body is getting away from her†¦ on the street men follow her with their eyes and comment on her anatomy. She would like to be invisible; it frightens her to become flesh and to show flesh† (p333).Whether the body is a condition for the woman? In her efforts to find an answer to this question, Beauvoir is both confused and conciliatory about the physical and mental condition of an adolescent girl. She justifies her stand by giving

Thoreaus philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoreaus philosophy - Essay Example The war that took place in the year 1846-1848 has already been forgotten but somehow in some ways it was inferred as the aftermath of Uncle Sams apprehension of Manifest Destiny. The term manifest destiny was invented by a journalist and later on became a nationalist rallying cry (Mannion). Thoreau believes that the government should only impose rules that are in line with morality and it has to take into account ethical activities that will reflect a positive image on behalf of the whole country. For him, the war was unjust since its intention was to cause harm to the Mexican people (Snyder 83). On a personal note, it is never right to lead a war; in fact, it can fuel more conflict if the war gets worst. It can cause harm, not only to the soldiers, but also to the lives of the innocent people. The Mexican War is one part in history where the hunger for power is being clearly manifested. The United States determination to enter and own a territory that was never theirs is purely an immoral act. It is immoral because it is wrongful, and it is immoral because it forced people to participate in the war through the paying of taxes although their conscience tells them not to, for the reason that the government is ordering them to do so (Cummings). The main character in this situation is the government. The government that obliges all people to follow all that is written in the law. Thoreau dreams that the universal law can be applied with the individual. Moreover, he has emphasized that "government is best which governs not all" (Snyder 83). The most prominent contribution of Tho reau to world history is his stand to fight for what he thinks is right, and that is not to support the US government in its war against Mexico. Although criticized by government for his civil disobedience, Thoreau stood by his word. Men are not blinded by the reality that wars are still occurring between nations, at present. Weapons of mass destruction are still being created to destroy

The Concept of Modern State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept of Modern State - Essay Example Although the majority of modern states fit Weber’s definition there are also some states with characteristics that do not fit Weber’s description. For example, failure of the state to have a total monopoly over ‘the means of legitimate physical violence over a definite territory’ or absence of any reasons for addressing the legitimacy of such monopoly as rational-legal does not necessarily mean that the state represents another form of political organization. This state will still noticeably differ from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982).Formation and Attributes of the Modern StateThe basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its current form was preceded by a series of gradual political, economic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe around the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the process of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization involved the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties gradually eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. Eventually once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power.... or addressing the legitimacy of such monopoly as rational-legal does not necessarily mean that the state represents another form of political organization. This state will still noticeably differ from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982). Formation and Attributes of the Modern State The basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its current form was preceded by a series of gradual political, economic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe around the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the process of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization involved the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties gradually eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. Eventually once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power, and the fragmented system of feudal states was replaced by another system characterised by full control over a definite geographical region and unitarism (Llewellen 1983). The political and religious conflicts that occurred within the course of the centralisation process culminated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). This treaty is considered one of the important milestones in history of the contemporary system of nation-states: the Peace recognised fixed national boundaries and the sovereignty of states within their territories. Eventually, the system of centralized and increasingly bureaucratic rule known as

Success Factors in key accounts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Success Factors in key accounts - Essay Example The main purpose of these developments was to develop products that could be used in everyday life. The research involves finding potential problems in the present applications used and resolving them by updating them or using new products. The researchers found the flexibility of a product enables it to be used by more clients. Another important factor probably the most important one is the cost. If the final product is expensive there will be only few takers for it. Therefore research has been done to use cost effective products. Qualitative research methods are more often used as it involves observation of data that helps in finding solutions to the problems. Qualitative research has been categorised into three categories named as positivist, interpretive and critical. Positivist research methods involves attempt to test theory that to understand the predictive element of the phenomena. It involves formal propositions, hypothesis testing, measuring of quantifiable variables, etc. In this type of research it is assumed that the objectives are given in reality and can be measured by their properties. Interpretive research method involves sharing of information and social constructions such as language. Interpretive method is used to understand the meaning of the given information that was assigned to the researchers. Critical research as the name implies concentrates more on the critical view of the subject. It highlights the critical viewpoint of the situation that has to be analysed. Action research and Case study research methods are as important as above-mentioned methods. The action research method describes what problems an organization is facing; what appropriate steps should be taken to resolve these kinds of situations. It is more often action-oriented method. Case study method involves studying the main object of the organization, how the situation is related to the real life context, etc. Case study can be positivist, interpretive and critical. Planning In any marketing sector key account marketing plan is considered to be very important and a thoughtful business plan cannot be overemphasizes because much hinges on it: financial support, management of the available resources like operation and finances, credit from suppliers, promotion and marketing and last but not the least company's goals and achievements. Before writing a key account marketing plan some of the important questions that has to be addressed are: 1. What service does the business provide to the clients 2. Who are the potential customer and reasons for purchasing the service or product 3. What are the steps or ways you reach the potential customer 4. From whom or where the funds come The important elements of marketing plan are to precisely define the business, identify the goals and serve as the firm's resume. Pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, planning precise strategies and cash flow analyses comprises the basic components of a marketing plan. Preparing a marketing plan helps in the allocation of resources properly, making good decisions and handling of unseen or unexpected complications that may become hurdle in the future development of the business. One of the important aspects of marketing plan is that it provides organised information about the company and importantly a good business plan helps in attaining a loan

The Dales to the Border Essay Example for Free

The Dales to the Border Essay The Northumberland and Durham coalfield is the second most important in England. The large reserves of coal, which are used to operate electric power stations, made the North grow enormously. Iron and steel: there is a large production of iron and steel, which provides the raw material for machinery, heavy engineering and ship building. Textile industry: the woolen industry is largely concentrated in a small group of towns in Yorkshire, among the hills and valleys of the Pennines. The cotton industry is situated in Lancashire. Chemical industry: it is expanding rapidly. The basic elements are: salt, potassium, calcium and petroleum. The end products are: fibers, plastics and fertilizers. 3) Tourism: there are holiday resorts in the Lake District. There are also some historical places in the North. Coal mining Coal mining Tourism Tourism Textile industry and farming Textile industry and farming Important cities: York Yorvik was the capital of a Viking kingdom. In medieval times, it was the second city of the land. In York tourists can find glorious churches, ancient narrow streets, old houses and welcoming pubs. Micklegate in York, England The walls surrounding the city of York are fine examples of medieval fortification. The walls remain largely intact. Micklegate, spanning the road to the south, was one of four gates guarding the main roads in and out of the city. In the Yorkshire moors lies the village of Haworth, where there is a parsonage that is said to be haunted by the ghosts of the Brontes. Along the ancient street the ghosts of the three sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne walk among the crowds. Branwell, their brother, still sits silently in the corner of and old pub. Leeds: It is an industrial city which is famous for its clothing and leather industry. It is a river port (the Aire) and it has a well-known university. Leeds, a city located in northern England on the Aire River, is a major center for the manufacture and wholesale trade of clothing. Carlisle It is an important route centre. Hadrian’s Wall is a historical landmark. This wall, which stretches from Newcastle to Carlisle, was built by the Romans to control commerce as customs office and to protect people from the barbarian invasions. Castle in Carlisle Hadrian’s Wall, ancient Roman stone and masonry wall, constructed to protect the northern boundary of Roman Britain against hostile tribes. Emperor Hadrian of Rome ordered its construction around ad 122. The wall extended 117 km from Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne River and was about 6 m high and about 2. 4 m wide. The wall also marked the frontier of Roman civil jurisdiction. A few sections of Hadrians Wall remain standing in present-day Great Britain. Island Holy Island, also called Lindisfarne, a small island off the coast of Northumberland, England, 5 sq km in area. Holy Island is connected with the mainland at low tide by a causeway. A monastery was established on Holy Island in 635 by Saint Aidan and a group of Celtic monks, who produced the elaborately decorated Lindisfarne Gospels. The island became the religious center of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. In 1093 the monastery was reestablished by Benedictine monks from Durham, and the island has since been continuously occupied. Today, Holy Island is a bird sanctuary along with the neighboring rock islets of Farne.

Rationale For Qualitative Research Management Essay

Rationale For Qualitative Research Management Essay METHODOLOGY In a multichannel environment firms interact with their customers through the design, evaluation, coordination and deployment of channels with the objective of enhancing customer value through effective customer acquisition, retention, and development. While the relative value of a multichannel customer over single channel customers is known, but several research and managerial questions like consumer behaviour, channel evaluation, allocation of resources across channels and channel coordination strategies require further study. The objective of this research is to gain further understanding of these issues. In order to meet these objectives, literature on marketing channels, channel management and channel conflict were explored. The literature review provided assistance in developing the research methodology design (refer Figure 2-1). The exploratory research provided further areas for study in the following secondary and primary research. This methodology created the building blocks for a structured iterative research process that effectively related to the literature. The process balanced theory and practise to generate a comprehensive viewpoint on the subject. In the process of creating the methodology the author consulted various journals and books. The remainder of this chapter discusses the methodology adopted to achieve the outlined objectives. Figure 2-1: Research Methodology (Source Author) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OLeary (2004:p.85) refers to Methodology as the framework associated with a particular set of paradigmatic assumptions that are issued to conduct research. For this research a qualitative approach was incorporated and the author used the inductive exploratory research methodology to unearth the issues. The research process can be best described as a cross-sectional study and involved three phases PHASE 1: RESEARCH PREPARATION This phase primarily involved setting the tone and direction of the main research by defining the parameters to the research questions and the key objectives of the research (based on Saunders et al, 2003). After the initial discussion with the mentor secondary desk based research was conducted with the help of industry journals, online resources, annual reports, industry reports. As the author wanted to expand his exposure to the relevant domain of the research a review of the literature was performed to get a better grasp of the subject. PHASE 2: REASEARCH APPROACH 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY While devising the literature review the author addressed literature on Marketing Channels, Channel Management and Channel Conflict to determine particular concepts best suited to deal with managing conflict in a channel. The literature review was an iterative process that was continuously developed. This process can be depicted as follows (Figure 2-2): Figure 2-2: The Literature Review Methodology (Source Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students (4, Illustrated ed.). Prentice Hall, adapted by author) The research methodology permitted the author to evaluate the relevance of existing literature in a specific real life scenario. The research methodology provided a structured guideline to a complicated enquiry. 2.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY This research takes the view of an interpretivism philosophy which is based on the view that the social world of business and management is far too complex to lend itself to theorising by definite laws in the same way as the physical sciences (Saunders, 2003). The author found that organisations cannot be generalised based on the challenges faced in the market place due to individuality hence it has been deemed necessary to discover the details of the situation to understand the reality working behind them (Remenyi et al 1998, cited in Saunders, 2003). The positivist view was not chosen as this type of approach adopts the philosophical stance of the natural scientist in order to produce law-like generalisations (Saunders, 2003) and was deemed inappropriate. 2.3 RESEARCH APPROACH In line with the research philosophy of interpretivism, the inductive approach is taken for the research as it focuses on theory building which follows the collection of qualitative data. Another reason why this approach was selected was due to the fact that the deductive approach tends to develop a methodology which does not allow for alternative explanations of what is happening (Saunders, 2003) which may limit explanations of why organizations experience certain challenges. Inductive approach is particularly helpful as the author was trying to understand why something is happening rather than being able to describe what is happening. Although inductive approach can be much more protracted but often the ideas, based on a much longer period of data collection and analysis, have to emerge gradually. On the flip side the author was aware that with inductive approach there is a constant apprehension that no useful data patterns and theory will emerge. 2.4 RATIONALE FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Creswell (2003) observes two research paradigms: Qualitative and Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5. Qualitative research stems from the social sciences and is utilised to understand, why people behave as they do (Denzin Lincoln, 2005) this would include knowledge, attitudes, beliefs etc. Whereas, quantitative research is more concerned with measuring things (Miles Huberman, 1994). Figure 2-5: A Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative research (Source Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches) As the purpose of the research was exploratory in nature, it was felt that the best approach was to conduct qualitative research through one to one interviews. It has been pointed out by Cooper and Schindler (1998) that the qualitative approach is best suited while undertaking exploratory research and enables the identification of emerging themes within the research process. Moreover, as has been pointed out by Saunders et al (2003), a qualitative approach allows us to understand the reasons for decisions taken by participant as well as enabling an understanding of their attitudes and opinions. Furthermore, as Saunders et al (2003) point out it also enables the discussion into areas that had not previously been considered but may be significant for understanding the issue. As observed by Henderson (2005) qualitative research by its very nature centres on perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes. Creswell (2003) further recommends the use of the Qualitative approach, for problems that are context specific with unknown variables requiring exploratory research. Moreover the research is reliable and verifiable due to the context bound specific scenario. (Creswell, 2003; Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2007). Although it was planned that, wherever possible interviews would be conducted in person but considering the time limitation of the research and the nature of the retail business, the author had to resort to telephone interviews with the pre-determined point of contact. As suggested by Saunders et al (2003) telephone interviews are an appropriate medium in cases where the interviewer has been able to establish their integrity and competence. However, as pointed out by Saunders et al (2003), the lack of standardisation in these interviews may lead to concerns regarding the reliability of the data. As has been observed by Easterby-Smith et al (2002), in qualitative research, reliability is concerned with whether alternative researchers have revealed similar information. However, the data from the interviews were cross checked along with data derived from interviews conducted with the key stakeholders in the company, as well as secondary research material such as the industry specific research reports available in the public domain. Moreover, the data collected was analysed after the interviews for any inconsistencies in what was said by the interviewee. These steps allowed a multiple triangulation of the data which enabled a higher degree of consistency in the data recorded as well as greater reliability. Each interview was tape recorded as it was felt that note taking may have lead to loss of quality information. The recording enabled the author to listen to the interview any number of times to produce a transcript which facilitated a better analysis of the responses. As pointed out by Saunders et al (2003) reliability of the data could be affected if there was interviewer bias (i.e. wherein the author could have imposed his personal beliefs while interpreting the data) as well as interviewee bias (i.e. wherein interviewees may choose not to reveal information if they perceive them to be probing or sensitive in nature). These were kept in mind during the interview process. 2.5 MULTI-METHOD APPROACH Since each method has its unique strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 1975) hence the results will be affected by the method used. Thus, it makes sense to use different methods to cancel out the method effect leading to greater confidence being placed on the conclusions (Saunders et al, 2003). The author employed the case study methods which involved interviews with the key stakeholders in the Organisation, in order to get a feel for the key issues. The author then embarked on the grounded theory approach where data and observation from the semi-structured interviews with the customers was used to develop the research theory. This gave the author the confidence that certain key issues were addressed with relevance to the research. The multi-method approach also enabled triangulation to take place, such that different data collection methods within one study ensure that the data are telling you what you think they are telling you. As in this case, the semi-structured interviews with the key managers in the Organisation. 2.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD The authors primary desk based research approach had its limitations in terms of the data collection and authenticating the validity of the data from the online resources. In order to prevent this bias in collection and interpretation, the author also resorted to qualitative research technique. The author found the Qualitative approach to be more effective due to the importance of perceptions of channel members in the problem, which needed to be revealed and understood through personal interaction. The data for the research was collected using primary data collection techniques i.e. interviews as well as secondary data sources i.e. company publications, reports, journals and the internet. Based on the analysis of the various data collecting techniques the interview method was chosen. While conducting the interviews with the stakeholders, semi-structured interviews were used wherein some basic themes relevant to the research objectives and open ended questions were developed to investigate responses and ask follow up questions. This allowed the opportunity to probe answers and where necessary the interviewees could be requested to build on and explain the reasoning behind their statements (Saunders et al, 2003). Due credence was also given to the manner in which the questions are ordered was taken into consideration as it can affect the information collected (Lubin, 2005). In order to collect the secondary information company reports, academic journals and internet were used. Textbooks were used to provide the background information on multichannel approach and other relevant areas which can be seen in the literature review. A key limitation was the accessibility to appropriate information from the net can be costly when attempting to acquire journals from website requires a fee. PHASE 3: DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 DATA COLLECTION: METHODS AND TOOLS OLeary (2004:p.85) refers to the Methods as, the techniques used to collect data and Tools as the devices that help in collecting data. For the qualitative research methodology discussed the direct research technique was used, as below: Exploratory research was conducted in the first phase for greater understanding of the situation. This was followed by an extensive in-depth study of the literature from various publications. In order to authenticate these findings in-depth interviews through an inductive technique were conducted with all respondents, to probe the conflict causing issues. The interviews were developed to encourage the respondents, to express their detailed viewpoint. A semi structured (Adams Schvaneveldt, 1991) interview format was used to incorporate parameters specific to the area of authors research. Furthermore, throughout this process the Author took into account ethical considerations to prevent respondents from being misled in anyway. In order to conduct the research activities for data collection Saunders has introduced research onion as a useful framework to illustrate the idea that there are several layers which needs peeling off before the researcher decides the choice of data collection method (Figure 2-3). The following subsections explain research sampling, philosophy, approaches, strategies, and time horizon of the research study. Figure 2-3: The Research Onion (Source Saunders, Thornhill, A and M, Lewis, P., 2003) 3.2 RESEARCH SAMPLING A conclusion can be made from the sample about the population to achieve the research objective (Saunders et al. 2003). It is, therefore, uncommon for a research to survey the entire population due to time and financial constraints, especially, when the population is very large. The research followed a five-step procedure for drawing a sample based on Churchill and Iacobuccis (2002) and Wilsons (2006) suggestions. (Figure 2-4) Figure 2-4: Procedure for drawing a sample (Source Based on Churchill and Iacobucci 2002 and Wilson 2006) In order to obtain a broad and holistic picture, certain key individuals and stakeholders were identified who could provide and in-depth and unbiased view of the challenges being faced by the organisation in multichannel environment. Stakeholders identified included company owners, retail managers and trade counter employees. 3.3 RESEARCH ANALYSIS As Saunders et al (2003) observe while conducting qualitative research it is important to use a conceptual framework for organising the data. The analysis of the data was inductive; because of the exploratory nature of the market research there was no pre-determined hypothesis to direct the analysis (Saunders et al, 2003). The author started with the use of mapping technique to organize and collate all the data gathered through primary research and to understand and analyse the issues, key themes, and patterns and question how an argument fit together. The data was analysed using Thematic Analysis (Matthew Huberman, 1994). A conversation analysis was conducted, which evaluated the words, contexts and non-verbal cues in order to find emerging themes. The data was analysed and interpreted through a step by step process as depicted below (Figure 2-6): Figure 2-6: Data Analysis Methodology (Source Author) The findings were then compared to the data collected from secondary sources and the literature review after which conclusions were drawn. It thus enabled the author visualize the inter-relationships of the issues and give a sense of strategic direction while drafting the recommendations. Due to the use of in-depth and semi-structured interviews, it was felt by the author that a narrative style for discussing the findings would be the most appropriate method. As has been pointed out by Saunders et al. (2003), this approach is suitable where in-depth and semi-structured interviews have been used to collect data as it allows the interviewer to retain the integrity of the data (Coffey and Atkinson, 1996).

Environment issues and energy saving methods

Environment issues and energy saving methods Environment issues and energy saving methods Hotels and resorts use intense amounts of natural resources (e.g., water, electricity) in providing luxurious accommodations for guests. These practices pose risks to the natural environment, on which the tourism industry relies. Energy management has been an important part in the environmental protection and welfare of human being. Due to the unprecedented rise in prices of some sources of energy use and their non-renewable characteristic (UK uses 95% of the energy source come from non renewable energy), therefore there is a need to preserve, reduce and to find alternative source of energy (Energy Efficient Office, 1994; Chan Lam, 2002; CHOSE, 2001; Verlag, 2003; Verginis Wood, 2001). There are many factors such as size, occupancy, age of facility and geographical location; can contribute to the energy consumption of a hotel and thus with a proper energy management can help to reduce the cost and magnitude of savings. For a hotelier to successfully develop an environmental friendly hotel, he first need to create an environmental policy-is an agreed documented statement of a companys stance towards the environment in which it operates (www.environmentalpolicy.org.com) which include its intent to reduce waste, encourage recycling and carbon footprint and uses of natural resources on a daily basis and this will in turn be passed onto the staff. The company can then use this environmental policy to apply for ISO 14001, -is a guide to environmental management principles, systems and supporting techniques. ISO 14001 is the internationally recognised specification for an environmental system within the organisation. This gives a company the accreditation that it is in accordance with the legislation and is environment friendly (www.environmentalpolicy.org.com) How the accommodation manager at operational level can reduce energy consumption? There are mainly four areas of a hotel that the accommodation manager can save energy namely: Lighting Heating, ventilation and air conditioning ) Laundry and kitchen General operations (such as, pumps, steam boilers swimming pools Lights -represent approximately 15-20% of hotel electricity consumption Halogen lights sources generally last 2-3 times longer than incandescent lights and are 10-50% more efficient. Long product life reduces the amount of solid waste generated and maintenance costs associated with changing bulbs. Periodic cleaning may be necessary to keep them of peak rated efficiency(my ton.1996.greening your property). Lights can be switched off in areas not in use and if occupancy is low, the some floors can be closed to access and do not need lighting or few and heating. Other ways to save on electricity could also be to install switches, timers, dimmers and motion detector. By regularly cleaning light fixtures, replacing light shades with translucent types and using brighter colours on walls will also improve efficiency of lighting. Bedroom the most important part of a hotel Natural carpeting can be use instead of those made from wool, sisal or coir, which uses lots of energy for its manufacturing and also uses non-renewable products as raw material. Instead of changing bed linen daily, it can be kept for a longer period of time unless objected by the guest and thus the hotel will save on water and might as well wash linen at a temperature of 40Â °C instead of 60Â °C resulting in a third less energy being used.) The heating ventilation and air conditioning system uses between 25-40% of total energy of a hotel. A proper energy management will involve regular maintenance, sensors and other smart controllers, load reduction measure and fan motor and chillers replacement or upgrades or better indoor air quality (my ton.1996.greening your property). Kitchen and laundry Hotel laundry and kitchens can consume lots of energy and water as well as detergents and other chemicals. By maintaining the equipment as well as their proper use, energy can be save and also improve their efficiency for example keeping the oven away from the refrigerator. General operations During periods of low occupancy, group guests in relation to mechanical and electrical system this will result in energy savings in unused areas (my ton.1996.greening your property) Laundry can be done at night times when the energy rates are at lower prices examples British gas rates are cheaper after 9am (off-peak). Equipment that are energy efficient can be brought for examples those who have the sleep feature when not in use Bathroom Using towels for more than one day, vanity packs that contain shower case, cotton wool and sewing kits can be given only on request of the guest wastage, shower gels might as well be given in refillable dispensers instead of small pack thus preventing and saving natural resources. Product use in cleaning contain toxic chemicals instead hotel can use those that are non bio-degradable and are dispensed in sprays instead of aerosol cans thus contributing to the environmental protection and safety of staff Examples of hotel in UK 1)The Wyndham worldwide brand for example, Travelodge in the UK, work globally and locally with environmental best practise and product along with the help of employees and abide to the legislation, they focus on Educating and influence all internal and external stakeholders Reducing energy consumption and track performance Reduce water usage and recycle Improve air quality Minimise waste and reusing material Implement sustainable procurement practises Some action they undertaking to educate the customer are To encourage them in giving some advice on how to save energy To encourage them to use the same sheet and thus save energy and water usage Turn off lights, air conditioner or heater and turn off water when brushing teeth and have quick shower Bring own toiletries (Source from uk green hotels, eco-friendly. www.wyndham.com) 2) Number 43 a small boutique hotel in UK intends to save energy by these following procedures: Replacement of light bulbs with energy saving ones Encourage staff and guests to switch off unwanted appliances or equipment Make sure that staff are aware and the importance to turn radiator down/off thermostat when room are unoccupied Closing curtains where appropriate Make sure staff are aware not to overfill kettle Heaters or air conditioners are off on floors are not in use Installation of double glazing where possible Ensuring all new appliances are energy efficient Using Dryer Balls in laundry operation (Saves 25% on running time) Check the levels of thermal insulation on all cooking appliances to avoid unnecessary heat loss. Avoid opening oven doors by using the viewing windows to inspect food. (Source from environmental policy of number 43 boutique hotel www.no43.org.uk) Details of how the structure and design can help with environmental issues? Hotels consume more energy (Â £/m2) than industrial buildings, naturally ventilated officers and secondary schools, according to the Energy Efficiency Office). Structure of an eco friendly hotel.. The structure of a hotel can be altered in such a way so that energy can be save and thus reducing the cost. As mentioned before practises such as changing bulbs to compact fluorescent bulbs, or sensitive motion lights, key cards that monitor the switching of electrical appliances and so on, a hotel can do a lot more about its structure, for example Use of furniture made up from recycle product for e.g. in bedroom, bathroom and all around the hotels Use of low emission paint for interior decoration and artist paintwork so that it ensure low carbon emission, does not contain solvent or release harmful gases or compound that can cause environmental effect. Carpets mattress can be made from natural fibre such as horsehair, flooring if of carpet can be use with new technology that is under floor heating and act as an insulator, green carpets can be made from recycle product as well.(www.greenfloors.co.uk) The Pavafloor Thermal System is a thermal insulation system for solid floors where a solid wood or dry fix tile system is specified. Wood fibre boards have particularly good health and environmental benefits, helping to control internal moisture levels, being entirely non toxic, and also locking up carbon in their use.(www.greensteps.co.uk) The wall- different product can be use for insulation for inside and outside of a hotel, it can be made of wood fibre and be placed on masonry wall to cover and protect it.(www.greensteps.co.uk) The key card system that can activate room services such as lights, TV and other electrical equipment can reduce the CO2 emission. By using a programmable thermostat, hotels can save a lot on energy for heating and air conditioning since they can preset the temperature as per the time of day or season and temperature of the day. Setting a thermostat two degrees cooler in winter and 2 degree warmer in summer saves 2,000 lbs (909kg) of CO2 a year. (www.IHG.co.uk) A displacement air conditioning system uses less energy than a window unit one and also makes less noise. Other practises such as using recycle product such as furniture help to save energy and resources. (www.IHG.co.uk) Water efficient showerhead contains vacuum flow valves which pumps air into water stream, it is as refreshing and powerful as normal ones except that it uses less water thus less energy, this can also be done to the tap used in bathroom as well High efficiency toilet uses up to 6 litres and new one with dual flush uses as little as 3 litres. The Interflush enables the WC, which would usually release the entire contents of the cistern when flushed, is converted to one, which only releases water whilst the flush handle is depressed. Therefore, only the exact amount of water required to flush the pan is released. Once the pan is clear, simply release the handle to stop the flow of water. (www.greensteps.co.uk) Roofs planted with low-maintenance plants such as sedums improve the thermal performance of buildings, helping to keep them cool in warm weather and insulating them in winter.-The plants and the thin layer of soil also work like a sound barrier, especially when its wet, thus helping to reduce noise pollution. Other environmental benefits include improvements to air quality, biodiversity and storm water runoff.(www.ihg.co.uk) Recovery of exhaust heat from air conditioner or heater can be used to warm or cool adjacent rooms by using a method that do not mix the incoming and outgoing of air and transferring and thus save energy(www.uswitch.co.uk) Natural lava stone signage at the entrance and on the lawns replaces traditional plastic and metal signs use in gardens and pools can use water that move in cycle and there is no wastage,encouraging plant growth and green vegetation may help in soil erosion and noise pollution and save as well on The design of a building Climate-responsive design is based on the way a building form and structure moderates the climate for human good and well-being(www.facilitiesmanagement/greenbuilding) Construction The building as a core The roof can be made up of different kind of material that can help to insulate, look trendy, waterproof and is also resistant and lasting, such an example will be the pavaproof pitched roof system for flat or any other type of roof. Pavaroof system uses rigid, waterproof and breathable insulation boards. The boards are tongue and grooved on all edges, allowing for rapid and simple installation.( http://www.natural-building.co.uk/pavatex_roof_systems.htm) The wall can be made up of wallpaper that is eco friendly, made from recycle materials or low emission paint examples of these paints will be oikos or NBT paint and finishes. NBT systems naturally regulate moisture to protect the building fabric while offering excellent levels of thermal and acoustic performance( http://www.natural-building.co.uk/ecopaint.html) Windows and doors- the use of double glazing and triple glazing are the most common ones use for good insulation, triple glazed gives extra thermal and acoustic performance and need not be more expensive than the double glazing one. . (www.greensteps.co.uk) The doors can be made of material such as timber withy all joints sealed and prevent heat loss; manufacturer that provides a rot and fungal decay warranty can be use. Energy efficient lift can help to save energy particularly in big hotels Volume shape and layout of the building envelope Smaller volumes give better energy economy. Smaller surface areas reduce heat loss . Open planned buildings require additional heating, orientation of windows affect solar gain (accommodation management- Christine Jones- Val Paul new edition 1996) Sitting of a building Exposed sites with high wingspreads gives reduced U values and increased ventilation rates. Elevated sites are cooler, polluted sites, e.g. noises or air, will require ventilation (accommodation management- Christine Jones- Val Paul new edition 1996). However temperature cannot be control by natural ventilation and wind effect, thus other factors such as the opening size of windows, when to open it, location, size, and indoor temperature need to be taken into consideration. Therefore cooling/heating systems need to be in place. It is important to carefully select the type of heating system use, if it is an HVAC system (a computerised control system for climate control in building) being use, care should be taken so as the appropriate temperature is being use and thus save energy, that is a set temperature and set points, Limitation of the thermal output and ventilation rates. Use of timers, motion sensitive and thermostat can be an advantage New innovative heating system such as the Underfloor heating system seems to be a good investment, it uses a ground source heat pump to supply hot water and heating, enhancing the buildings energy efficiency and reducing its impact on the environment.(www.uswitch.co.uk) Solar system can be use to generate the energy required for a hotel and this source of energy is readily available and renewable. It can be install on roof of building where there will be a big areas for the panels. . Water plant can be installed in a garden underneath and it help to collect rain water, this can be use for irrigation, toilets and other purposes thus saving energy. Other example can be the use of biogas, geo-thermal , bio-mass boiler and insulation and wind power but all these will depend on the location of the building and the capital available to invest in these and might be use for future source of energy The legislation Eco design for energy-using products regulation 2007 SI 2037- sets out requirements for energy-using product manufacturers to reduce the negative environmental impacts of their products, and to ensure free trade of these products throughout the EU.( www.netregs.co.uk) It came in force in august 2007 and implement that an authorised person need to inspect that the product being bought and carry out test and ensure it is in comformity with the product requirement that is being eco friendly. Buildings Regulations 2000, SI 2531-Introduces requirements for builders to calculate and display energy ratings on new or altered buildings (www.netregs.co.uk) It implement that the building for example a hotel need to be of the specific height, floor area and so on, be in accordance to the UK law Energy information (household air conditioners)(no2)regulations 2005 SI 1726-Requires household air conditioner suppliers to provide labels showing energy consumption, and dealers to display this information to potential buyers (www.netregs.co.uk) Energy information (lamps) regulations 1999 SI 1517-Requires regulated lamp supplier to include a label showing the energy efficient, luminous flux, wattage and average rated life on the lamp or its packaging. Dealers must ensure lamps are labeled with this information (www.netregs.co.uk) Energy performance of buildings (certificates and inspection) (England and wales) regulations 2007 SI 991- Expands energy efficiency ratings for certain appliances and requires household refrigerator and freezer suppliers to provide energy consumption information to potential buyers. (www.netregs.co.uk) EU regulation on a revised community eco-label award scheme 1980/2000-Expands energy efficiency ratings for certain appliances and requires household refrigerator and freezer suppliers to provide energy consumption information to potential buyers (www.netregs.co.uk) Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 3538-Introduces a new system for environmental permits for industrial activities and waste operations in England and Wales, including landfill and waste incineration, and sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulator. (www.netregs.co.uk) Clean Neighborhoods and Environment Act 2005- Introduces additional noise, litter and waste controls including site waste management plans, and classifies artificial lighting and insects as statutory nuisances. (www.netregs.co.uk) Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14- Requires carriers of controlled waste to register with the Environment Agency or SEPA and outlines the penalties (including seizure and disposal) for vehicles shown to have been used for illegal waste disposal.( www.netregs.co.uk) Controlled Waste Regulations 1992 SI 588- Defines household, industrial and commercial waste for waste management licensing purposes (www.netregs.co.uk) Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 SI 2839- Imposes a duty of care on any person who imports, produces, carries, keeps, treats or disposes of controlled waste to ensure there is no unauthorised or harmful depositing, treatment or disposal of the waste. (www.netregs.co.uk) Conclusion: The importance for saving energy cannot be stretched enough, by saving energy we ensure a better future for the forthcoming generation as well as the current one in terms of our environment we living in. This report have given a general idea how energy is being saved and can also be saved in future but it also point out how difficult it can be if planning for a long term plan to save energy, to switch to renewable energy, we need to invest in solar, wind turbines and so other alternative sources, but this require investment, expertise and it also depend on the location and generating power. For short term plan, we can see that hotel are successful in adopting the new ways since it is cost effective for them and switching price is not that high and by working closely with the staff and guest of a hotels, it is easily achievable. Many hotels and customer are being environment conscious and it have become important to show their concern and also participate in the protection, thus we can see nowadays that hotel are now after the designation of being called green and that will contribute to enhance their marketing strategy and gives them an advantage to competitors as well as promote a good image of the hotel.

war on drugs Essays -- essays research papers

The war on drugs is not a war that can be fought on the beaches of Normandy or in the jungles of Vietnam. It is a war fought in the backyards of all Americans, every day. This is a war that cannot be won with the aid of nuclear weapons or the help of any other forms of artillery. The number of casualties, however, will be determined by whether or not the legalization of drugs occurs. Many will suffer the same outcome as a soldier killed in battle if drugs become legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If marijuana and other drugs are legalized, obtaining drugs will be easier for people of all ages. With the increased use of drugs, there are bound to be more traffic accidents resulting from those who are under the influence of drugs. Also, if more people are lawfully able to use drugs, more people will buy them and the prices of them will go down making them much easier to buy. Drugs will be everywhere, even in the hands of America’s youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many drugs, even ones that are legal, cause health problems if they are used too often. Cigarettes and other tobacco products contain nicotine, an addictive substance that can cause illnesses such as lung cancer and other cancers to users. The legalization of narcotics that cause illnesses will mean that people who use the drugs are in danger of becoming sick and dying at an earlier age. If the narcotics fall into the hands of younger children, they will be at risk as well. Because their bodies are still developing, the narcotics will have a more devastating effect on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government spends a great amount of money on centers for the rehabilitation of those who are addicted to different types of drugs. If drugs are legalized, more and more people will become addicted and more rehabilitation centers will be needed for them. The more rehabilitation centers that are built, the more money our government spends which is less money that can be spent on more important things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain drugs are illegal for a reason. They damage the physical and psychological state of the user. If the legalization of drugs occurs, the American public may assume that the government condones the use of drugs. Those who once were addicts and those who may be curious about the drug will be able to buy them. The number of users will increase and so will the numb... ... released, causing recidivism rates to increase as well. The only way to make sure that drug use in the neighborhoods of America does not get out of hand is for the communities to work together to do their best to prevent it. The schools and the parents should work together to teach children what is acceptable in their community and enforce the rules that are made to prohibit drug use (Glassner 223-226). Schools should also supply students with after school activities to keep them from boredom and promote a drug free life. Groups such as SADD (Students Against Destructive Decisions) should be offered and support groups for all students should also be provided in order to discourage drug use among teens. The legalization of drugs is an ever present threat to Americans of all ages. Legalization will cause more traffic accidents, increased drug use among teens as well as adults, and most importantly increased crime and death rates. Every American could be at risk of becoming a victim of a crime, a traffic accident, or problems resulting from a friend or family member that uses drugs. The legalization of drugs is a foe that must be fought with all the strength that Americans possess.

Greed, Paranoia, and Love Destroying a Real Man :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Many things can destroy a man, but only three things that can destroy a real man, greed, paranoia and love†. I have no idea why I just wrote that last quote, I just thought it would be nice to start my book with something that sounds halfway smart. Anyway, my name is Ammar Barakat, born on the sixth of July 1980. I am not famous, gifted, smart, good-looking or powerful, as a matter of fact, I am not special in anyway. Nevertheless I have decided to write this book to tell my story to the world (hopefully), because believe it or not, I think I have lead an interesting and unique life. Before I go any further I guess I should start telling u about my first few years of life, or what I can remember from it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first memory was when I was three years old; I remember it was me, my brother and my parents sitting in the car and stopping at a mini-market to pick up some chips on our way to the swimming pool. I have no idea why this memory is plastered in my head because there was nothing special about that day; we used to always stop at the mini-market with my brother and parents to pick up some chips on our way to the swimming pool. Although I was born in Syria, I spent the first four years of my life in the United Arab Emirates. My father had a good job, and we lived in a nice house and had a normal life, actually it was ironic since me and my family seemed to be living the American dream in an Arabic country. Since I don’t remember much of the UAE days I cant tell u much about it, all could tell u is that any parent would wish to raise their children in the environment that I was raised in. My father went to work, my mother took care of me and my brother, and al l me and my brother had to worry about was the amount of French- fries we were going to eat at the swimming pool that day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, everything changed. The day that I have always feared has come, it was my brothers first day of school. Don’t get me wrong, me and Tareq were never the best of friends, and I wasn’t upset that he was leaving me, oh no, I was jealous of him.

Jean Watson Essay

The purpose of this paper is to explain the association of nurse/ patient interaction in the concept of Watson’s theory. I will explore the transpersonal caring in relation to caring factors. Analyzing major theory assumptions related to person, health nursing and environment in the context of the caring moment. Caring theory will be displayed in the professional aspects of my nursing practice. Caring nurse, health education, healing environment and application of caring affect to person is applied throughout this paper. History Jean Watson has brought to nursing her theory of caring and 10 caring factors. Watson defines caring as the ethical and moral ideal of nursing that has interpersonal and humanistic qualities. It is a complex concept involving development of a range of knowledge, skills, and expertise encompassing holism, empathy, communication clinical competence, technical proficiency and interpersonal skills (Watson, Jackson, & Borbasi, 2005). Watson’s theory traces back through 30 years, the earliest was put in textbook nursing curriculum at the University of Colorado. The theory contains Watson (1999) describes nursing as transpersonal that â€Å"conveys a human to- human connection in which both persons are influenced through the relationship and being-together in the moment. This human connection†¦ has a spiritual dimension . . . that can tap into healing† (p. 290). Transpersonal Caring and Caring Factors Transpersonal caring has four components, self, phenomenal field, actual caring occasion of the patient and the nurse, and intersubjectivity (Davis, 2005). Self is defined in Davis, (2005) as, â€Å"I and me perception of relationship of I and me to others and to various aspects of life together with the values attached to those perceptions.† I am a surgical nurse caring for a four –year- old boy. After receiving, report before going to pediatrics to obtain the patient for surgery. Fortunately, I know much more about him, the child because I cared for him in August 2011. As a nurse, Watson’s theory is displayed my caring healing practice (Alligood, 2005). â€Å"As I enter the room, I remember the first three â€Å"caritas†: (1) practice loving-kindness and Equanimity within a context of caring consciousness (2) be authentically present and enable and sustain my belief system and subjective life world of self and the person being cared for: and (3) cultiva te ones own spiritual practice and transpersonal self, going beyond self.†(p. 127) I bring the three of them together, in conversation with the client, parents, and coworkers, I speak in a professional, caring, confident manner. I have learned from nursing practice and experience to sit in a well light room at eye level with open body language, to be friendly, caring and always use a kind touch. This helps prevent any barriers that may have occurred to transpersonal caring. Transpersonal caring in the nurse, environment and person are expressed. Developing continuity is an aspect to caring for him and is not always possible, it just happened to be my late shift. I was grateful to be there for his care. Intersubjectivity Davis (2005), states â€Å"Intersubjectivity is human to human relationship in which the person of the nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other, a feeling of union.†(p. 2716) I apply intersubjectivity in the following way. It seems we bond quickly right after I initial see him, because we have initially had an encounter. I found that focusing on the patient’s pain is a priority and aids in healthy participation with his care. I use is time together to ask about his health, fears, and pain, to prioritize his care. This helps me to know him more as a person, not just another client .†Upholding Watsons caring theory provides the framework for me to practice the art of caring, to provide compassion to patients and families fears, and to promote their healing and dignity; it also contributes to my own actualization client â€Å"(Alligood, 2005). Phenomenal Field Davis, (2005) states phenomenal field is the person’s subjective reality (p.2617) In speaking with Jojo, the Phenomenal field is reviewed when,† He shares in his statement,† my belly hurts really badly.† His mother is at his bedside, she tells me that he has not been eating, he has had a fever, and abdominal pain. From report, I see his lab work show an increase in his white blood count and his CT scan shows appendicitis. This is the nurse in the caring theory, who has gathered the information pertaining to the patients health condition. I listen attentively and notice that he is holding a bear in his left arm. I comment on the bear that is seems to be a security item for the child. His mother agrees. He continues to hold his bear to make his environment externally and internally sound. This is critical in the caring theory to make his environment healing. Developing a human trusting human care relationship While the anestheologist is speaking to JoJo’ s mother, I use this time to speak with him. I ask him about school, family, friends and pets. I ask open- ended questions to explore his feeling and fears. He tells me of his dog, two brothers and preschool. He tells me that,† he is afraid and does not want anyone to touch his belly.† When he is lying in bed, I make eye contact as I gently touch his abdomen. After examining his abdomen. Discussing his departure from the holding area, he starts to cry. Jojo,† let me tell you what we will do when we go in the back to fix your belly.† He asks, â€Å"What?† †Do you know how to blow up a balloon?† I ask. â€Å"Yes, he explains.† Well we are going in the back I will put a muscle tester on you, a space mask, and you can blow up my balloon. I use my awareness, presence, touch, kindness, and hope to make him feel strong and confident of the situation Alligood (2005) stated.† In this holistic Perspective, each dimension is a reflection of the whole yet the whole is greater than the sum of parts†(p. 132). Finally, I let his mother know that we will be talking more about her concerns after his examination. Assisting with gratification of human needs Alligood (2005) stated, â€Å"Being-in-the –world† entails that I cannot consider Jojo without her context or environment of which I am a part (family, culture, community, nurses, health care team, society) (p. 132). I speak to Jojo’s mother about his support system, culture, and resources. These are important factors to assist her in obtaining the proper resources need while her son is hospitalized, and she will be displaced from her home during his recover. She states, â€Å"We have no means of transportation, my husband is unemployed at this time due to his back injury and I have two young boys at home. †We discuss means of transportation available to her family from the hospital as well as financial assistance. She states,† my husband has no way to arrive here and has no idea that Jojo is to have surgery.† I try to ease her mind. I can tell she is becoming overwhelmed. Knowing she has fears it is my moral obligation to enhance and preserve her, â€Å"human dignity, wholeness and integrity† (Watson, 2005). (p. 131) Alligood (2005) stated †Watson’s theory, which recognizes the whole in the parts, supports a focus on the wholeness of a community, aggregate, or population, while still attending to the individuals and families within it. Watson emphasizes seeking to strengthen the client’s resources and capacities as well as mutually planning and evaluating health actions† (p. 134). Jojo returns from his surgical procedure, his mother is crying at his bedside. I sit down beside her and to show her his bandage. We discuss the proper way to handle dressing changes along with actives and diet. Implication of Watson’s transpersonal teaching and learning caritive factor. His father has arrived giving her some emotional support. We sit in the recovery room at his bedside, while Jojo rest. I take time to listen to their fears, comfort them and educate them on his care. Jojo’s mother wipes her tears away and looks up at me. She, â€Å"states I am so grateful you were her to help with Jojo he have helped my family, listened to be, and treated him as if he was your own child. Thank you.† I tell her, â€Å"I would not have it any other way. This is an example of Watson’s care theory, Davis states† human- to –human relationship in which the person of the nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other† (p.2618 ) Nursing Perspective I have applied Jean Watson’s theory in my practice, examining an interaction between nurse/patient encounter. Transpersonal relationship with caring factors was used in the care of my patient. Applying caring moments related to person, health, nursing, and environment. I practice Watson’s theory in my daily practice of nursing. Learning theorist in school and refreshing them periodically may seem unnecessary. Who would not be kind to another, considerate of their needs, offer a conducive environment, listen attentively, or apply a caring factor. These seem like common sense to a nurse. Theories are practice as early with new theories add throughout career paths. It is the application of these theories and portrayal of them that causes the affect. This has brought to my view of nursing the values taught to me not only at home but also during my nursing education. Educating other on the values of caring factors, environmental adaptation, and the true art of caring for a p atient/person with total regard to the values of the patient without passing judgment, Through this continuing education paper, we were able to learn the essential elements of Watson’s caring theory and explore an example of a clinical application of her work through a clinical story. Aiming to preserve our human caring heritage, this paper offered some suggestions and ideas in order to help nurses grasp and utilize Watson’s caring theory in their work environment. â€Å"Nursing can expand its existing role, continuing to make contributions to health care within the modern model by developing its foundational caring-healing and health strengths that have always been present on the margin† (Watson, 1999, p. 45). References Alligood, M. R. (2005). Nursing theory: Utilization & application (4th ed.), St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier Davis, F.A. (2005).Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. (20th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company Watson, J . (1999). Postmodern nursing and beyond. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone/Saunders Watson, J . (2005). Caring science as sacred science. Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Watson, J., Jackson, D., & Borbasi, S . (2005). Tracing nursing caring: Issues, concerns, debates . In J. Daley, S. Speedy, D. Jackson, V. Lambert, & C. Lambert (Eds.), Professional nursing: Concepts, issues, and challenges. New York : Springer .

Anthropology Essays – The Origin of Medicine

The Origin of Medicine old-fashioned Egyptian MedicineCAIRO, APRIL 2008 old-fashioned Egyptian civilisation has contributed important developments to both sorts of kind-hearted intelligence, and checkup military strength is non an exclusion. antediluvian patriarch Egyptians use to name a doc a mendelevium descri being to an active, a master and a wise individual. A rectify was able to c all over with what might go on during day-to-day pattern tout ensemble bit aptly as a countryside general practician would make today. The physicians occupation was non exactly to go to ill heap and to urge a discourse but anyway a touch on would fix and distribute medicate. The posit was norm each(prenominal)y a priest and mayhap with in force(p) cognition of other humanist disciplines. antediluvian Egyptians were the archetypally know people to truss had a elaborate bailiwick of medical exam exam exam checkup oddity and to go aside written records to depict the heali ng patterns. The oldest Egyptian medical texts day of the month can about to 2000 B.C. These texts were moderately free of the thaumaturgist attack to extend unwellness.The earliest know recreate in history was Hesyre, who was the caput tooth doctor and medical student of King Djoser in the twenty-s steadyth Century BC. The earliest cognise female doctor was overly an Egyptian. Peseshet good medical specialty during the period of the quaternary dynasty ( 2600 B.C ) . Her form of address was madam Overseer of the Lady Physicians . Equ whollyy good as practising medical specialty, Peseshet had a supervisory limit and graduated many accoucheuses at the quaint medical school in Sais ( Sa el-Hagar today ) . opinion of the human organic fertiliser structure old-fashioned Egyptians tried to apologize and escort the physiology of the human organic structure. Given how of import River Nile was for life, superannuated Egyptians would say similitude to the flow of the flop ri ver and to how it irrigated the Fieldss. They fabricated the human organic structure, by analogy, had convey that flowed with blood, breathed air and H2O. Peoples would rowlock ill if a obstruction to these channels happened. For illustration, they believed that bad nutrient would bring onwards gases, which in twist would barricade these channels. They, hence, assumed that to the highest degree of the diseases were because of improperly digested nutrient.Impressions of physiology and disease focus on the bosom as the substance of the homo. The bosom was ones teammate it spoke to a individual in his or her purdah. It was at the same curtail the engine of all the bodily run short out, non exclusively circulation. From the bosom, continued channels ( Metu ) linked all parts of the organic structure together. Metu did non mention merely to blood vass, but in kindred manner to the respiratory tubing, canals of assorted secretory organs, spermous canal, the musculuss, sine ws and ligaments.The theologydess of medical specialty ( Sekhmet ) Sekhmet was originally the warrior Goddess of speed Egypt. past Egyptians figured her as a lioness, the fiercest huntsman cognize to them. They believed that her pant created the desiccate part beyond the Nile Bankss, and considered Sekhmet the defender of all Pharaohs.The name Sekhmet became synonymous to the Goddess of Medicine during the middle(a) Kingdom. Therefore, doctors, tooth doctors and veterinary practicians were the Priests of Sekhmet . The caput of lioness tokenized power and the autocratic divinity of mending. The priests of Sekhmet were the specializers in medical specialty and surgery.Medical preparationStudents learned the medical profession at schools called the Houses of Life . The coachs had ruinn(p) them some applied experience, but chiefly the pupils had to larn from the written papyri full of cognition and experience. The medical texts were non merely a side of professional cognitio n but similarly a precaution against possible failure.Classs of antique Egyptian PhysiciansThe societal category of Egyptian Physicians existed since the yearss of the Old Kingdom. Medical specialisation besides existed. Writing of travels to Egypt, Herodotus ( 484-425 BC ) noted, The pattern of medical specialty found on a program of separation. Each specializer doctor treated a individual hoo-hah and non more. Therefore, Egypt was full of medical practicians, some see to it to bring around diseases of the oculus, others of the caput and others of the bowels. specialiser doctors did non needfully settle in the nonaged towns and towns they practiced the art of healing ( Herodotus The Persian Wars. P. 155 ) .Many doctors were priests and some were scriveners as shown in rubrics like Chief doctor and scratch awl of the word of God . Physician ranks were an ordinary doctor ( like a general practician of today ) , a senior doctor, an inspector, an superintendent and a accompl ish of medical specialty. The Chief Physicians of the South and labor union were like curates of wellness. Royal and castle doctors had grouchy ranks and rubrics.A practicing doctor had to larn the scientific discipline of drug create from raw material and healthful workss. superannuated Egyptians held handling doctors in so some(prenominal) high esteem that they brocaded Imhotep ( the great doctor, 2700 BC ) after foul to a sacred position of the God of Medicine. quaint Egyptian remediesBecause of old impressions of physiology and disease, aperients had a important topographic point in Egyptian remedies. Ingredients included light carob domed stadium tree noggin, Castor crude oil and colocynth. Bulk laxatives of bran, figs and fresh fruits were besides in fashion.Doctors utilise Ca carbonate and figs as alkalizers. They besides utilize soured milk and edulcorate to dish out digestion. They change integrity aggressive cathartics with anticholinergics such(prenomin al)(prenominal) as genus Hyoscyamus ( atropine ) or carminatives as genus Cuminum cyminum, Chinese parsley and batch. Carob ( factory tasted like cocoa made from cods of a certain tree ) and gypsum ( calcium sulfate pulverization ) were efficacious antidiarrheal remedies.Egyptian doctors treated bosom conditions non as efficient, because the Egyptian doctors had trouble separating bosom and tummy symptoms. They recommended aloe, chinese mustard, willow, Hyoscyamus and Punica granatum ( incorporating glycosides or utile vasodilatives ) . water pill drugs included genus Apium graveolens dulce, beer, algarroba bean and powdery day of the months.Analgesics were few and limit to carminatives or spasmolytics. Ancient doctors apply telling febrifuges as salt, alum and willow. However, no cause exists to the usage of narcotics or other depressants until the romish period ( 30 BC ) .handling of musculoskeletal upset was topical with unattackable patchs, cataplasms or rubefacients ( medical specialties to blush and perfervid the te gumwoodent, known today as counter- thorns ) like mustard, gum terpentine, retem and olibanum. The Egyptians apply Apium graveolens dulce for painful articulations ( it is still in usage today as antirheumatic drug ) . They use Crocus sativus to cut through backache.Doctors and accoucheuses used gynaecological medicines to instigate labour, command construct or infection. They used common wormwood ( a bitter gustative sensation works ) for catamenial upsets and diaphragms of crocodile goop to function as preventive ( the moroseness is spermicidal ) . They recommended interpolation of juniper oil to excite labour ( now known to increase uterine contraction and put up labour ) .Ancient Egyptians have known parasitic infestations nevertheless, they did non acknowledge that bilharzia ( Bilharzias ) caused the hematuria ( blood in piss ) they described. Antihelminthic dugs based on Punica granatum, common wormwood, thyme and Sb, followed by a cathartic, controlled unit of ammunition worms and cestodes infestations.Antiseptics and disinfectants were effectual. Egyptian doctors used phenols as thyme ( basil ) and bitumen intoxicants were beer and fermented grapes juice. They besides used minerals as Zn, Sb and Cu as styptics assorted in a medium for even distribution.For cough, they recommended compartmentalisations of honey, acacia and Sb with smelling(p) inspiration. Egyptian doctors used ammi visnaga ( incorporating a bronchodilator khellin ) to handle asthma.Egyptian doctors treated oculus infections with uninfected of Cu and honey, placed on the palpebras or in the oculus. They used acacia, algarroba bean and milk as demulcents for ophthalmic remedies. whittle demulcents as acacia gum and works gumwood were popular. Doctors used Balanites oil, Castor oil and twitch fat to command skin infections. They mixed these ingredients with salt, malachite or ochre and used the mixture for patchs. Ladanum tr eated dandruff. For phalacrosis, they used fats, oils and, symbolically, porcupine quills. For Burnss, they applied an antibacterial mixture of gum terpentine, Cu, oils and honey. To advance healing, they used Aloe vera.Pharmacy in Ancient EgyptPharmacy did non be as an independent profession in Ancient Egypt, but a compelling ground exists of the Egyptians had professional communications protocols and criterions. The based the interventions conceptually, restricted by limited cognition of physiology. The groundwork of most medical specialties was herbs and veggies. Doctors used drugs in the mannikin of pills, unctions and beads. They besides used dressings and deodorant readyings.Ancient Egyptian doctors did non hold a pharmacopeia ( book of standard drugs ) . Alternatively, the medical papyri effectuate the undertaking of a formulary. Medicines were proper and effectual that BPC ( British Pharmacopeia ) 1911 included 25 per centum of the gettable drug substances stemmed from Ancient Egyptian medicines.Recommendation of a remedy, readying and dose pointed to aw areness of possible benefits and dangers, without grounds of available formal respect to perniciousness or contraindication to the medicines used. An Egyptian doctor could merely divert from a given intervention after four yearss, proposing singular protocol criterions.The statement that placebo of Ancient Egyptian medicine was greater than the curative value appears untrue. What we range of mountains from Ancient Egyptian history mark a society aware of the pauperism for health care and intervention. Doctors used a diverse scope of works, animate being and mineral ingredients to this terminal. It is true that faith limitd Ancient Egyptians day-to-day life and so had to be intrinsic to medical pattern, yet as written in the medical papyri, record rational intervention predominated that supported by supplications.Some remedies from celebrated veggies and herbsGarlic Believed to give verve, s ooth flatulency and aid digestion. Egyptian doctors used garlic as a spiritless laxative and shrivel haemorrhoids ( hemorrhoids ) . During constructing the pyramids, supervisors delivered garlic cursory to workers to give them verve and strength take to transport on and execute good.Onion Doctors used onions to forestall colds, conveying about sweat, sooth sciatica and as a diuretic. Priests did non hold onions as uncomplete nutrient nor medical specialty.Cumin It is widely available in Egypt doctors used it to increase the enteric gesture and to handle flatulency. Doctors who were handling union achings assorted Cuminum cyminum with wheat flour, Chinese parsley and H2O to use as a cataplasm on the pain in the neck articulation.Parsley and benne Doctors used any as a good water pill.Mustard The utilizations of mustard were to arouse p acantha and to alleviate thorax achings.Coriander The utilizations of Chinese parsley were many. It helped with loss of appetency, apprehens ionless menses ( non because of gestation ) , a laxative and aphrodisiac. Ancient Egyptians believed that Chinese parsley has fungicide belongingss and deters insects. This is the cause of happening in Tutankhamens Tomb.The oldest medical text editionsThe Ancient Egyptians preserve the medical information we are awake(predicate) of in 12 papyri written in priestly book. They show the comparative edification of medical specialty in Ancient Egypt, consistence of pattern and length of gain of remedies. The most of import papyri from the point of find out of the elaborate exposition of unwellnesss and intervention areThe Ebers Medical paper rushThis papyrus is 23 pages long and is largely an internal medical specialty mention. It includes anatomical and physiological mentions all(prenominal) bit good. It describes 876 formulas and 400 different drugs. The Ebers Papyrus consists of a list of recommendations for nutriments such as lesions, tummy ailments, gynaecological jobs and s kin annoyances.The scribe calculated the sums of ingredients for a medical specialty harmonizing to fractions based on parts of Horus oculus. Until today, the RX symbol on each prescription refers to the philia of Horus. For some unknown ground the Scribe who wrote it did non complete the papyrus, and ended in midsentence.The Edwin smith Medical PapyrusThis papyrus is, possibly, the work of a physician associated with a pyramid-building work force. This five metres papyrus trades chiefly with jobs such as broken castanetss, disruptions and oppressing. The doctor dissever the 48 instances documented into classs An complaint which I will handle , An complaint with which I will postulate and An complaint non to handle .It described symptoms of each of the documented instances, urging possible remedies. The Physician who wrote the papyrus was sensitive of blood circulation throughout the organic structure. The Scribe clearly recognized that patients pulsation reflects the sta tus of the bosom. This papyrus includes a huge experience in beat hurts that can happen merely during construction of the pyramids.Similar to Edwin Smith papyrus, few paragraphs had rubrics. However, all paragraphs included the phrase If you examine a patient with a , a feature, which tag how close it is to the Edwin Smith Papyrus. This suggests that antediluvian Egyptian doctors recognized that scrutiny is indispensable to place the unwellness. Yet, the Scribe in both papyri did non advert the chances of the diseases.The Kahun medical papyrus1900 BCThe oldest yet discovered, go out from the epoch of Amenemhat II. The Kahun Medical Papyrus describes methods of appointee gestation and the sex of the unborn. It besides describes toothache during gestation, diseases and assorted complaints of females, and concerned with the uterus and conclusion of birthrate. The gynaecological text lies in 34 paragraphs, of which the first 17 have a common format. They start with a rubric follo wed by a brief description of the symptoms, normally, of a job of the generative variant meats. The second portion begins on the tertiary page, and includes eight paragraphs, which, because of both the province of the bing replica and the linguistic communication, are about unintelligible. The tertiary subdivision ( paragraphs 26-32 ) dealt with the proving for gestation. The 4th and concluding subdivision contains two paragraphs, which do non fall into any of the old classs. The first describes intervention for odontalgias during gestation. The 2nd describes what sounds like a fistulous shrivel of the vesica to the vagina with incontinency of urine .It besides described methods of contraceptive method. It described prescriptions for urinary, venters and kidney jobs, pain limbs and achings in the sockets of the eyes.Did Ancient Egyptians recognize rhetorical medical specialty?Ancient Egyptians used to analyze organic structures of the dead to understand the cause of decease. This should non look unusual for such people traditionally familiar, as they were, to cautious chase of cognition. Harmonizing to the American historiographer mob H. breast ( an authorization on ancient Egyptian history-University of Chicago, 1930 ) , portion of the accomplishment of the ancient Egyptian sawboness was because of what they learned from analyzing the dead organic structures. Surgeons treated clean lesions were by secure and adhesive patchs. They treated other lesions by acquiring the borders near on the first twenty-four hours, and afterwards handling them with honey and acerb herbs. Egyptian sawbones performed amputations and even more made prosthetic device.The influence of Ancient Egyptian Medicine on the remainder of the universeThe Ancient Egyptians were the first people in the universe to hold based cognition on deliberate and sharp observations, every bit good as test and mistake. By wary observation, early doctors began mending patterns that they have taug ht to many. They had a medical pattern that demonstrable over three thousand old ages and gave much toward progressing medical scientific discipline worldwide. Egyptian doctors were celebrated in the Ancient World. Ramses II had sent doctors to the male monarch of Hatti and the Iranian male monarch Achaemenids.Greeks gained medical traditions and footing of cognition from the medical schools of Egypt ( Hamilton The History of Medicine, operating room and Anatomy. P. 35 ) . Therefore, Egyptian theories and patterns influenced the Greeks, who educated many of the doctors in the Roman Empire, who in bend influenced Arab and European medical thought for centuries to come. one can clearly detect the bequest of Egyptian medical specialty in few basicss of the Greek strategy ( Breasted 1930 ) . Grecian medical specialty developed during the 6th to seventh centuries B.C. The first Grecian doctor learned the art at Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period ( 305-330 B.C. ) . The Egyptian tho ught of decay wekhedu may hold resurfaced in the perittoma ( infective digestive residues ) of the Alexandrine Greeks. Other characteristics adopted by the Greeks from the Egyptians included several medicative workss, how to compose drug prescriptions, the pattern of prenatal and gynaecological fumigations, and the mending value of temple slumber.